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Moreover, low vitamin D levels common in patients with CVD may increase the risk and severity of COVID-19. This is because vitamin D increases levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and reduces viral replication, which in turn can reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to lung damage. Despite the lack of evidence demonstrating increased susceptibility to COVID-19, drugs used in the treatment of COPD increase the risk of respiratory tract infections to varying degrees. However, theoretically, some immunosuppressive drugs may have beneficial effects, given that the cause of death in COVID-19 is a cytokine storm leading to acute respiratory failure.
The use of thiopurine (azathioprine and mercaptopurine) reduces the immune response to viruses, which is associated with an increased risk of opportunistic infections. There is limited evidence that they increase the risk of respiratory infections. The risks and benefits should be considered, but most patients can continue on a stable dose. In patients in stable remission, elderly patients and in the presence of concomitant pathology, it is recommended to stop taking thiopurine. During a pandemic, it is recommended to avoid starting thiopurine or increasing the dose, which will allow patients to avoid potential side effects. If the patient is in contact with a COVID-19 person, temporary withdrawal of thiopurine for 2 weeks should be considered. If a patient tests positive for SARS-CoV-2 and/or develops COVID-19, temporary discontinuation of thiopurine may be recommended until the patient clears the infection.
Skin lesions in coronavirus infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus are divided into seven categories. The first category includes skin angiitis caused directly by COVID-19 infection, against which the walls of small vessels of the dermis are damaged by immune complexes circulating in the blood. Angiitis is localized on the skin of the upper and lower extremities. They look like frostbite, painful, itchy. Such manifestations usually occur in young patients with a mild course of the disease, appear in the late stages and last about 12 days. The second category includes papular-vesicular rashes, which are characterized by acute clinical manifestations in the form of chickenpox, more similar to prickly heat, occurring against a background of high fever and increased sweating.
Experts refer to the third category of skin manifestations as pink lichen and papulosquamous rashes, which are infectious-allergic skin lesions associated with COVID-19 infection. The clinical feature of pink lichen in this case is the absence of maternal plaque. The fourth category includes a measles rash. To the fifth - toxicodermia. This rash is associated with individual intolerance of patients of certain groups of drugs. The sixth category of skin manifestations of coronavirus infection, scientists include urticaria, which in some cases may be a harbinger of the onset of COVID-19.
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